Can my Dutch permanent residence permit be withdrawn if I leave the country?

A permanent residence permit has no expiry date as a status, even though the physical document is valid for five years and must be renewed. So in principle it is permanent.

However, the IND can still withdraw it in defined situations, in particular if you move your main residence out of the Netherlands for a long time, or for serious public-order reasons. Withdrawal generally means you no longer have legal stay, so if you plan extended periods abroad, check how long you can be away before your permanent status is at risk.