How do I get permanent residence in Estonia and what language level is required?

After five continuous years living in Estonia on a temporary residence permit, you can apply for the long-term resident's residence permit, which has indefinite validity. You must demonstrate Estonian language proficiency at B1 level (with exemptions for those under 15, over 65, or with limited legal capacity), show stable legal income, and have Estonian health insurance. Note a separate, lower A2 requirement applies when renewing an employment-based temporary permit, while B1 is needed for the permanent permit itself. Newer adaptation-programme requirements may also apply, so check the current rules on politsei.ee.